Outlook for Canada’s crop sectors challenged, but should hold steady for 2019
FCC Ag Economics is doing a mid-year check-in on our January 2019 Outlooks. Throughout July and August, we’ll update our expectations about profitability across seven Canadian ag sectors (dairy, broilers, red meat, food processing, agribusiness, horticulture and grains, oilseeds and pulses). We’ll describe what’s happened in 2019 to-date and what you should monitor in the next six months.
The outlook continues to improve for several Canadian crop sectors. There’s no change from our mixed January profitability forecast for grains: spring wheat continues to trend at roughly break-even or just above, while winter wheat margins will be pressured throughout the rest of the year. Corn margins are expected to be positive. Profitability of canola, soybeans and lentils should also remain near break-even.
Significant headwinds persist, however. Trade tensions between China and the U.S and market access challenges for Canadian crops remain the main hurdles to profitability. Growth in this year’s crop production will be required to make up for continued low prices expected for soybeans, pulses and canola. Prices for Canadian corn are highly variable right now, with U.S. supply a major uncertainty.
Despite significant headwinds, the outlook continues to improve for several Canadian crop sectors.
Trends for the crop sector to watch
Weather, yields, disease and harvest
Global trade tensions and North American exports
Input costs
Movement in the loonie
Weather, yields, disease and harvest
Supply-demand balances remain the big question for many crops in 2019.
The USDA August crop production report lowered the estimates of corn acres planted in the U.S. from the July report, but raised the projected yield which brought corn prices lower on expectations of a larger supply.
This year’s estimates of U.S. and Canadian corn production are particularly hard to assess. Attention now is focused on yields: many corn acres were planted late and inputs sparingly applied to crops believed to be inferior. But across some regions so far this marketing year (MY), the weather has improved, increasing hopes for near-normal production on acres planted early enough. The question remains as to both quality and yields.
The USDA projection for the 2019-20 corn price is now identical to last year at $3.60 per bushel. It could climb higher in the near future if yield or planted acre assumptions prove too optimistic. Canadian producers may also see improvements in local basis this year. Ontario corn production was delayed with a wet spring, with possibly 0.5 million fewer viable acres than Statistics Canada’s early estimate of 2.2 million acres.
Weather has taken a toll on Ontario’s soy and wheat crops too. The threat of vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol or DON) continues to linger in the province, with a high degree of uneven crop development that increases its risk and that has put harvest behind schedule. Canadian producers planted fewer acres of soybeans this year, but with the lower prices, production stands as the best chance to be profitable. Ontario’s weather impacts to the planted acres is expected to reduce production.
Elsewhere, Canada’s 2019 crops appear to be in fine shape. Although little of Alberta’s lentil crop is rated as being in good condition, overall prairie lentil, pea and soybean production is expected to be near to, or slightly exceeding, average levels. Both Alberta’s and Saskatchewan’s winter and spring wheat crops were progressing well, if not better than average, at the end of July. Major crop (spring wheat, durum, canola, peas) conditions varied widely across the province, but overall exceeded both the 5-year average and 10-year average ratings of “good to excellent”. That should slightly boost carryout stocks for peas; lentil stocks are expected to fall slightly, despite the expected increased production.
The Canadian non-durum wheat supply rose slightly year-over-year during the 2018-19 marketing year (MY), but domestic demand helped to stabilize prices. Canadian exports rose year-over-year, reducing carry-out stocks that reflected a trend across global (non-U.S.) inventories.
Looking ahead to the 2019-20 MY, the area seeded to wheat in many major producing countries, including Canada, is expected to increase, pushing up estimates of global production, supply and carry-out stocks. Facing more competition from other exporters, Canadian carry-out stocks are forecast to increase. AAFC’s July projected season-average farm price for wheat is $240 per tonne, down slightly from the estimated 2018-19 price of $245.
Global trade tensions and North American exports
The most recent spate of ill will has spawned yet more tariffs and greater uncertainty. This does not bode well for the health of the world economy. The saga has also fuelled the most recent drop in U.S. soy prices, with earlier, more robust estimates of U.S. exports now threatened.
2019/20 YoY soybean production is lowered with fewer planted and harvested acres in both the U.S. and Canada, and on lower projected yields. But even that decrease won’t be enough to unburden North American supplies. U.S. soybean ending stocks for 2019/20 are projected at 755 million bushels - a helpful 29.4% YoY drop from the estimated 2018-19 carryout but an 72.3% increase from the 2017-18 carryout. The glut may be subsequently strengthened, given the latest trade breakdown and increased competition from South American suppliers.
Canadian soy exports were down slightly in the first six months of 2018 compared to the previous 12 months, but over the same period in 2019, they’ve fallen again by roughly 30%. Our exports to the U.S. dropped 30.1% and exports to China, 90.8%. The 2019/20 season-average price for soybeans is forecast at $410 per tonne, slightly up from the estimated 2018-19 price of $405 but well below the 2017-18 price of $434.
A definite bright spot: 10 days before the end of the 2018-19 crop year, total Canadian grain exports were 2.6 million tonnes ahead of 2017-18 levels. Canadian wheat exports rose 11.5% between January and June YoY, with growth to three of our top five markets helping to offset weaker YoY exports to the U.S. and Japan over the first half of the year.
Exports of Canadian pulses may be on the upswing as well. As of July 1, total pea exports were up 11.6% YoY, and lentil exports, 19.4%. Bangladesh and India have increased their respective imports of both peas and lentils from Canada over last year’s, but the remainder of the kharif growing season will determine their appetite for more. Pea and lentil prices are expected to stabilize for the rest of the year, from more domestic processing demand.
The canola situation remains highly uncertain due to market access challenges with China. Learn more in our June canola outlook.
Input costs cooling
Lower farm cash receipts from 2018 have reduced the cash flow available in 2019 to buy inputs and equipment. Input costs started the year off by climbing: between January and June, fertilizer prices increased YoY, on average, 10.4%. Pesticide prices rose 1.3% on average.
For the remainder of the year, we forecast fertilizer prices to remain relatively flat. That’s based on a seasonal dip, the exchange rate and an expected market response to low quality early crop conditions.
Early 2019 slowdown pauses rate hikes - loonie hovers around US$0.75
Interest rates and the value of the Canadian dollar have had an impact on the profitability of Canadian farm operations and agribusinesses in the first half of 2019.
The Canadian economy recorded a 0.4% increase in real GDP in the first quarter of 2019, following a 2018 fourth-quarter 0.3% increase. The Bank of Canada (BoC) expects the pace of economic growth to pick up in the second half of 2019, with inflation expected to trend around the bank’s 2% mid-point target.
A slower pace for economic growth has significantly changed the January outlook for interest rates. We don’t expect the BoC to lift its policy interest rate for the remainder of 2019, yet financial markets believe a rate cut is possible. This has pushed long-term interest rates lower, resulting in opportunities for businesses to lock in historically-low long-term fixed rates.
Our January forecast of a US$0.75 loonie in 2019 was right on the money up to mid-June. We’re sticking to that forecast, but any strengthening of the CAD in the next six months will have dual impacts, decreasing the cost of inputs and decreasing Canadian competitiveness in global export markets of farm products.
The U.S. economy has shown some strength with a 3.2% increase in real GDP for the first quarter of 2019, and 2.2% growth in the second quarter. The U.S. Fed nevertheless proceeded to cut its policy rate to hedge against a possible future slowdown of the global economy. More rate cuts are possible before the end of the year. Lower U.S. rates could lift the loonie up slightly.
Conversely, potentially lower oil prices weaken the outlook for the loonie. Supply disruptions and production controls resulted in the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil price averaging US$57. The Canadian oil price benchmark also rebounded following production cuts in Alberta earlier this year. Yet, world economic growth has slowed (in line with early 2019 expectations) due to trade tensions, weakening global oil demand, keeping the loonie close to $US 0.75.
On the radar
The USDA August crop production report (with an updated estimate of corn and soy acres)
South American production of both livestock and crops. A significant trend may be the growing relationship between China and South American suppliers. Brazil, in the midst of expanding their national infrastructure to unload and deliver grains, has reached record levels of exports at their southern port in 2019.
Economics Editor
Martha joined the Economics team in 2013, focusing on research insights about risk and success factors for agricultural producers and agri-businesses. She has 25 years’ experience conducting and communicating quantitative and qualitative research results to industry experts. Martha holds a Master of Sociology degree from Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario and a Master of Fine Arts degree in non-fiction writing from the University of King’s College.